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Credit Rating: Definition & Meaning | Bondfish

What it means

Credit ratings are assigned by specialist firms called credit rating agencies. Three global agencies dominate the market — S&P Global Ratings, Moody’s and Fitch — alongside European players such as Scope Ratings and DBRS Morningstar. In the EU, any firm issuing ratings for public use must be registered with and supervised by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) under the CRA Regulation.

Each agency grades an issuer on a scale. S&P and Fitch use the same letters (AAA, AA, A, BBB, BB, and so on, with + and − modifiers); Moody’s uses a parallel notation (Aaa, Aa1, Baa3, Ba1…). The single most important line on the scale falls between BBB− and BB+ (Baa3 and Ba1 at Moody’s): at or above it a bond is investment grade; below it the bond is speculative grade, also called high yield or “junk.”

S&P / FitchMoody’sGrade & meaning
AAA Aaa Investment grade — highest quality, lowest default risk
AA / A Aa / A Investment grade — strong capacity to repay
BBB+ to BBB− Baa1 to Baa3 Investment grade — lowest tier; BBB−/Baa3 is the cut-off
BB+ to B− Ba1 to B3 Speculative grade — high yield, elevated risk
CCC to D Caa to C Speculative grade — very high risk to default

Why credit ratings matter for bond investors

A rating is shorthand for risk, and it drives price. A higher rating signals lower default risk, so the issuer can borrow more cheaply — which means a lower yield to you. A lower rating pushes the yield up to compensate for the added risk. Ratings also gate access: many funds and mandates may hold only investment-grade paper, so when a bond is downgraded below BBB−/Baa3 it can trigger forced selling and a sharp price drop.

Treat ratings as a well-researched opinion, not a guarantee — agencies can be slow to react, and issuers pay for their own ratings. Use them as a starting filter, then look at yield, spread and the issuer’s finances yourself. You can screen bonds by credit rating and yield to compare issuers across the same grade before you buy.

Related terms

This definition is for general information only and is not investment advice. Bond investing involves risk, including possible loss of principal.