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Glossary Show All

Inflation Targeting: Definition & Meaning | Bondfish

What it means

Under inflation targeting, a central bank announces its target rate of price growth and explains, meeting by meeting, how current policy moves it toward or away from that goal. The Federal Reserve targets 2% inflation as measured by the PCE price index over the longer run, and the European Central Bank targets a symmetric 2% for euro-area HICP inflation. When inflation runs above target, the central bank typically raises its policy rate to cool demand; when it runs below target, it typically cuts rates to support it.

The framework works mainly through expectations: if households and businesses believe the central bank will keep inflation near its target, they build that assumption into wage negotiations, pricing decisions, and long-term contracts, which in turn helps keep actual inflation anchored.

Why it matters for bond investors

Inflation targeting is the anchor for the interest-rate path that drives bond prices. When reported inflation runs well above target — U.S. CPI stood at 3.4% year-over-year in August 2026 and euro-area inflation at 3.2% in August 2026, both above their respective 2% goals — a central bank has more room, and often more pressure, to keep raising or holding rates higher, which weighs on existing bond prices, especially those with longer duration. A credible inflation target also shapes how much term premium investors demand on longer-dated bonds: the more confident the market is that the central bank will defend its target, the less extra yield it typically needs for inflation risk.

Related terms

This definition is for general information only and is not investment advice. Bond investing involves risk, including possible loss of principal.