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Loss given default is the estimated percentage of an investment or loan exposure that may be lost if the borrower defaults. It is calculated as the part of the exposure that is not expected to be recovered after restructuring, collateral sale, legal recovery, or other recovery processes. For bond investors, it helps assess potential loss severity in addition to the probability of default.
Macaulay duration is the present-value-weighted average time to receive a bond’s cash flows, expressed in years. It represents the point at which the total present value of future coupon payments and principal repayment equals the bond’s current market price, and is used to assess interest rate risk and align investment horizon with cash flow timing.
A make-whole call is a bond redemption feature that lets the issuer repay the bond before maturity by paying investors a lump sum equal to the present value of the bond’s remaining coupon and principal payments — so bondholders are compensated, or “made whole,” for the income they lose.
A maturity date is the specific date on which the principal and any remaining interest on a bond, loan, or other debt instrument must be fully repaid. It marks the end of the contractual relationship between borrower and lender or investor and issuer, when all financial obligations are settled.
Modified duration is a measure of a bond’s sensitivity to interest rate changes, expressed as the estimated percentage change in the bond’s price for a 1% change in its yield to maturity. It is derived from Macaulay duration and is widely used in fixed income analysis to assess interest rate risk and compare bonds with different coupons and maturities.
Nominal yield is the fixed annual interest rate a bond issuer pays, expressed as a percentage of the bond’s par value. It equals annual interest divided by face value and remains constant over the bond’s life, regardless of market price changes.
Orange bonds are debt securities issued to finance projects within the creative and cultural economy, including industries based on talent, intellectual property, and cultural heritage. Under the Orange Bond Principles published in October 2022, these bonds must also align with criteria such as gender-positive capital allocation, diversity in leadership, and transparency in the investment process and reporting, with proceeds directed toward activities that support inclusive economic development.
A panda bond is a renminbi-denominated bond issued in mainland China by an entity incorporated outside mainland China. It allows foreign governments, financial institutions, and companies to raise funding in the onshore Chinese bond market and access domestic Chinese investors.
A pandemic bond is a type of catastrophe bond that transfers pandemic risk from governments or development institutions to investors. Investors receive high coupon payments, but may lose part or all of their principal if a qualifying disease outbreak meets predefined trigger conditions, with the released funds used to support emergency response in eligible countries.
Par value is the fixed nominal (face) value assigned to a bond or a share at issuance. It is mainly a legal and accounting reference used for payments, repayment at maturity, and financial reporting, while market value reflects what investors are willing to pay in real-time trading.