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A downgrade is a negative revision of an issuer’s, bond’s, or security’s rating or investment assessment. In bond markets, it usually means that credit risk has increased, which can lead to lower bond prices, higher yields, and more expensive borrowing for the issuer.
Duration is a measure of how sensitive a bond’s price is to changes in interest rates. The higher the duration, the more the bond’s price is likely to move when yields rise or fall. Duration helps investors compare interest rate risk across different bonds and bond portfolios.
Effective annual yield (EAY) is the annualized return on a bond that accounts for compounding and assumes reinvestment of coupon payments at the same rate, providing a more precise measure of actual annual yield than the nominal rate.
Effective Duration is a measure of a bond’s price sensitivity to changes in a benchmark yield curve that accounts for potential changes in expected cash flows. It is particularly relevant for bonds with embedded options, as it provides a more accurate estimate of interest rate risk than modified duration when cash flows can vary with shifting interest rates.
Emerging Markets Bond Index is a bond market benchmark that tracks the performance of bonds issued by governments and companies in developing economies. It is commonly used by investors to measure returns, compare funds, and evaluate risk across different segments of the emerging market debt universe.
ESG criteria are a set of standards used to evaluate how a company operates across environmental, social, and governance dimensions, and how these factors may affect its risk profile and financial performance. In bond markets, ESG criteria help investors assess non-financial risks such as climate change exposure, human rights practices, and corporate governance quality, supporting more informed investment decisions and long-term credit analysis.
An ESG rating is an assessment of how a company manages environmental social and governance factors, reflecting its exposure to sustainability-related risks and the quality of its risk management practices. ESG ratings are typically expressed as letter grades, while ESG scores provide a numerical value, and both are used by institutional investors and asset managers to support investment decisions and evaluate a company’s long-term sustainability and financial performance.
A European option is an options contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a fixed strike price only on the expiration date. In capital markets, this style is commonly used for index and rates-related derivatives, where exercise is restricted to maturity rather than allowed at any time before it.
A fallen angels bond is a bond that was originally rated as investment grade but was later downgraded to high yield or junk status due to a deterioration in the issuer’s credit quality. These bonds often offer higher yields than investment grade bonds, but they also carry higher credit risk because the issuer’s ability to repay debt has weakened.
Fixed rate capital securities are long-term hybrid fixed income securities that combine features of corporate bonds and preferred stock. They pay a fixed coupon, rank below senior debt in the capital structure, and typically offer higher yields to compensate for subordination and liquidity risk.