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Par value is the fixed nominal (face) value assigned to a bond or a share at issuance. It is mainly a legal and accounting reference used for payments, repayment at maturity, and financial reporting, while market value reflects what investors are willing to pay in real-time trading.
A parallel shift is a movement of the yield curve where interest rates across all maturities rise or fall by the same number of basis points. This means short-term, medium-term, and long-term bond yields move together without changing the overall shape or slope of the yield curve. Parallel shifts are used to assess how broad interest rate changes may affect bond prices and portfolio duration risk.
A perpetual bond is a bond with no maturity date. It usually pays interest for an indefinite period, while the issuer is not required to repay the principal on a fixed date. Perpetual bonds are often subordinated or hybrid instruments and may include call features, allowing the issuer to redeem them under specified conditions.
A premium bond is a bond that trades above its face value, usually because its coupon is higher than current market rates. In the UK, “Premium Bonds” also refers to an NS&I savings product where returns come from a prize draw instead of guaranteed interest.
Probability of default is the estimated likelihood that a borrower or bond issuer will fail to meet its debt obligations within a defined time period, usually one year. It is used to assess credit risk, estimate expected loss, compare issuers, and determine whether a bond’s yield provides sufficient compensation for default risk.
Pull to par is the tendency of a bond’s market price to move closer to its par value as it approaches maturity. A bond bought below par usually rises toward par, while a bond bought above par usually declines toward par, assuming yields and credit conditions remain unchanged.
Recovery rate is the percentage of a loan, bond, or other debt instrument that investors or lenders recover after a borrower defaults. It is used in credit analysis to estimate potential losses, compare different types of debt, and assess how seniority, collateral, capital structure, and market conditions may affect the value recovered from defaulted debt.
Reinvestment risk is the risk that an investor will have to reinvest cash flows from an investment, such as bond coupon payments or principal received at maturity, at a lower rate than the original investment. In fixed income, this risk becomes more important when interest rates fall, because new bonds or money market instruments may offer lower yields than the securities previously held.
A rising star bond is a bond issued by a company whose credit quality is improving and whose rating may move from high yield to investment grade. These bonds can offer higher yields while the issuer is still rated below investment grade, but their price may rise if investors expect a future rating upgrade.
A secured bond is a bond backed by specific collateral, such as property, equipment, financial assets, or dedicated revenue streams. If the issuer defaults, bondholders have a claim on the pledged assets, which can improve recovery prospects compared with unsecured bonds. Secured bonds are often used by companies, financial institutions, and municipalities to raise capital with additional protection for investors.