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Dirty price is the total price a buyer pays for a bond, including both the clean price and the accrued interest accumulated since the last coupon payment. It represents the actual settlement amount in a bond transaction.
A discount bond is a bond that trades below its face value, either at issuance or in the secondary market. This typically occurs when the bond’s coupon rate is lower than prevailing market interest rates or when investors require additional compensation for perceived credit risk. If held to maturity and the issuer does not default, the investor receives the full face value, generating a capital gain equal to the difference between the purchase price and par.
Dividend is a distribution of a company’s profits to its shareholders, typically paid in cash or additional shares on a fixed schedule. Dividends represent a portion of earnings allocated per share and approved by the board of directors, providing investors with recurring income in addition to potential changes in stock price.
Effective annual yield (EAY) is the annualized return on a bond that accounts for compounding and assumes reinvestment of coupon payments at the same rate, providing a more precise measure of actual annual yield than the nominal rate.
Effective Duration is a measure of a bond’s price sensitivity to changes in a benchmark yield curve that accounts for potential changes in expected cash flows. It is particularly relevant for bonds with embedded options, as it provides a more accurate estimate of interest rate risk than modified duration when cash flows can vary with shifting interest rates.
Emerging Markets Bond Index is a bond market benchmark that tracks the performance of bonds issued by governments and companies in developing economies. It is commonly used by investors to measure returns, compare funds, and evaluate risk across different segments of the emerging market debt universe.
ESG criteria are a set of standards used to evaluate how a company operates across environmental, social, and governance dimensions, and how these factors may affect its risk profile and financial performance. In bond markets, ESG criteria help investors assess non-financial risks such as climate change exposure, human rights practices, and corporate governance quality, supporting more informed investment decisions and long-term credit analysis.
An ESG rating is an assessment of how a company manages environmental social and governance factors, reflecting its exposure to sustainability-related risks and the quality of its risk management practices. ESG ratings are typically expressed as letter grades, while ESG scores provide a numerical value, and both are used by institutional investors and asset managers to support investment decisions and evaluate a company’s long-term sustainability and financial performance.
A European option is an options contract that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a fixed strike price only on the expiration date. In capital markets, this style is commonly used for index and rates-related derivatives, where exercise is restricted to maturity rather than allowed at any time before it.
Fixed rate capital securities are long-term hybrid fixed income securities that combine features of corporate bonds and preferred stock. They pay a fixed coupon, rank below senior debt in the capital structure, and typically offer higher yields to compensate for subordination and liquidity risk.