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Macaulay duration is the present-value-weighted average time to receive a bond’s cash flows, expressed in years. It represents the point at which the total present value of future coupon payments and principal repayment equals the bond’s current market price, and is used to assess interest rate risk and align investment horizon with cash flow timing.
A maturity date is the specific date on which the principal and any remaining interest on a bond, loan, or other debt instrument must be fully repaid. It marks the end of the contractual relationship between borrower and lender or investor and issuer, when all financial obligations are settled.
Modified duration is a measure of a bond’s sensitivity to interest rate changes, expressed as the estimated percentage change in the bond’s price for a 1% change in its yield to maturity. It is derived from Macaulay duration and is widely used in fixed income analysis to assess interest rate risk and compare bonds with different coupons and maturities.
Nominal yield is the fixed annual interest rate a bond issuer pays, expressed as a percentage of the bond’s par value. It equals annual interest divided by face value and remains constant over the bond’s life, regardless of market price changes.
A panda bond is a renminbi-denominated bond issued in mainland China by an entity incorporated outside mainland China. It allows foreign governments, financial institutions, and companies to raise funding in the onshore Chinese bond market and access domestic Chinese investors.
Par value is the fixed nominal (face) value assigned to a bond or a share at issuance. It is mainly a legal and accounting reference used for payments, repayment at maturity, and financial reporting, while market value reflects what investors are willing to pay in real-time trading.
A sinkable bond is a bond that requires the issuer to set aside money in a sinking fund and use it to repay part of the principal before the final maturity date. This structure helps reduce repayment pressure at maturity and can lower credit risk for investors, but it may also increase reinvestment risk if the bonds are redeemed early.
Spot yield is the annualized return on a zero-coupon bond for a specific maturity, derived from its current market price. It represents the pure discount rate applicable to a single cash flow at a given time horizon and forms the foundation of the spot curve and the term structure of interest rates.
Strike price is the fixed, predetermined price at which the holder of an options contract has the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell the underlying asset before or at expiration; it is set when the contract is created and remains unchanged throughout its life, and the difference between the strike price and the current market price determines the option’s moneyness and intrinsic value.
Treasury gilt is a sterling-denominated bond issued by the UK government through HM Treasury and listed on the London Stock Exchange, usually paying fixed coupons and repaying its nominal value at maturity.